FILE SYSTEM STRUCTURE
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- File system structure hierarchy:-
1. /
– Root
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Every single file and directory starts from
the root directory.
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Please note that /root is root user’s home
directory, which is not same as /.
2. /bin – User Binaries
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Contains binary executables.
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Commands used by all the users of the system
are located here.
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For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.
3. /boot – Boot Loader Files
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Contains boot loader related files.
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Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located
under /boot
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For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic,
vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic
4. /dev – Device Files
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Contains device files.
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These include terminal devices, usb, or any
device attached to the system.
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For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0
5. /etc – Configuration Files
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Contains configuration files required by all
programs.
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This also contains startup and shutdown shell
scripts used to start/stop individual programs.
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For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf
6. /home – Home Directories
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Home directories for all users to store their
personal files.
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For example: /home/john, /home/nikita
7. /sbin – System Binaries
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Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary
executables.
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But, the linux commands located under this
directory are used typically by system aministrator, for system maintenance
purpose.
§ For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk,
ifconfig, swapon
8. /tmp – Temporary Files
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Directory that contains temporary files
created by system and users.
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Files under this directory are deleted when
system is rebooted.
9. /usr – User Programs
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Contains binaries, libraries, documentation,
and source-code for second level programs.
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/usr/bin contains binary files for user
programs. If you can’t find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For
example: at, awk, cc, less, scp
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/usr/sbin contains binary files for system
administrators. If you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under
/usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
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/usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and
/usr/sbin
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/usr/local contains users programs that you
install from source. For example, when you install apache from source, it goes
under /usr/local/apache2.
10. /var – Variable Files
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var stands for variable files.
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Content of the files that are expected to grow
can be found under this directory.
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This includes — system log files (/var/log);
packages and database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues
(/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots
(/var/tmp);
6. /proc – Process Information
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Contains information about system process.
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This is a pseudo file system contains
information about running process. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains
information about the process with that particular pid.
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This is a virtual file system with text
information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime
12. /lib – System Libraries
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Contains library files that supports the
binaries located under /bin and /sbin
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Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
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For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7
13. /opt – Optional add-on
Applications
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opt stands for optional.
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Contains add-on applications from individual
vendors.
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add-on applications should be installed under
either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.
14. /mnt – Mount Directory
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Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can
mount file systems.
15. /media – Removable Media Devices
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Temporary mount directory for removable
devices.
§ For
examples, /media/cd rom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives;
/media/cdrecorder for CD writer
16. /srv – Service Data
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srv stands for service.
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Contains server specific services related
data.
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For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related
data.
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